https://www.iurisconsensus.org/home daily 1.0 2026-02-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1602192361817-KPK9NSGEUGLWTHJNURW3/Carneades_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg About - Roman Justice The first subproject offers, for the first time, a monographic treatment of Cicero’s theory of justice, analysing his treatises and speeches and investigating justice as a foundation for republicanism. Cicero’s defense of justice against the moral skeptic – the so-called Carneadean debate, named after the Greek skeptic Carneades – has fascinated Western political thought and lies at the heart of the historical inflection points that are investigated in the remaining subprojects. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1602191941043-DIK6A4WKZW5VT8AT590M/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-10-08%2Bat%2B5.16.51%2BPM.jpg About - Christian Justice The second subproject links Cicero with his early-modern reception. Large parts of Cicero’s theory of justice are known to us because they were transmitted through the Christian thinkers Lactantius (early 4th century) and Augustine (early 5th). We will ask how this transmission shaped Cicero’s pagan conception of justice. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1602208204382-1WEM6NII54TOEXFVXDKW/Conquistadores.jpg About - International Justice The third subproject explores the Ciceronian origins of international law by way of an analysis of the foundational 16th century texts. Early-modern thinkers took up Cicero’s answer to Carneades’s skeptical challenge, especially after the Reformation and European expansion into the Americas made skepticism about moral and legal norms salient. Cicero’s theory laid the foundations of a natural law that allowed to debate the justice of empire and promised to integrate a European society fractured by religious conflict along a few core commitments. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1602209411650-WZ5NXA4RT9AHULIXYZI4/Screen+Shot+2020-10-08+at+10.09.59+PM.png About - Enlightened Justice The fourth and last subproject will analyze the contribution of Cicero’s political thought to the intellectual history of the Enlightenment. Cicero was, on the one hand, a skeptic when it came to the various ethical outlooks of classical antiquity; on the other hand, he devised an anti-skeptical defense of natural law. These two aspects of Cicero’s legacy were highly influential for a large number of Enlightenment thinkers and might provide a kind of hidden common denominator for the various strands of enlightened thought. https://www.iurisconsensus.org/donate daily 0.75 2020-09-02 https://www.iurisconsensus.org/our-team daily 0.75 2025-11-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1626098225880-C6GWPJQW9KGTP3AK4GK0/TheJustCity_BenjaminStraumann.jpg Team - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/4ba0f5b2-c98e-4d33-9b3e-bd61d08c6092/Photo_Ana_Kotarcic.jpg Team - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1626100557079-UNOQWOGYGZ82OK5O8ULM/TheJustCity_JeffDymond.jpg Team - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1628003168885-L959A9PUFERLEBYJNZ9Q/Photo_GutnickAllen_BW.jpg Team - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1626098746616-HH0VMW3MK7V0P6IN6BOE/TheJustCity_NikolasHaechler.jpg Team - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1626098359265-4S9YBN2Y62BFEY2EM8SD/TheJustCity_AndreasGyr.jpg Team - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1626098446744-UWVJNJ7UKWGRUV571JLE/TheJustCity_ReneDeNicolay.jpg Team - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/20f09761-3a0f-4c11-a848-18378c049df7/IMG_0106.jpg Team - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://www.iurisconsensus.org/subproject-iv daily 0.75 2020-10-26 https://www.iurisconsensus.org/subproject-ii daily 0.75 2021-07-12 https://www.iurisconsensus.org/subproject-iii daily 0.75 2020-10-13 https://www.iurisconsensus.org/bibliography daily 0.75 2026-01-13 https://www.iurisconsensus.org/about-test-2 daily 0.75 2020-09-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1601022123562-A8K9ETDNFONP047W3UEP/Antike_03.jpg About Test 2 Rome bla bla bla https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1601024459949-XITVECQPKSFBLXAYLO19/1610559.jpg About Test 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1601024478692-PZ92GQ1LZGOCFHPDPPUK/graf-zeppelin11.jpg About Test 2 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1601023764576-63D5XAVEFG9HBDA37SLW/bs-06-18-DW-Kultur-Xanten-jpg.jpg About Test 2 Rome bla bla bla https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1601023792137-P7BU6SD4C7X2WZ7JQETM/graf-zeppelin11.jpg About Test 2 Rome bla bla bla https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1601023821559-PCNZFCSEZ9M4QSXP7HYQ/Lazio-M21425-front_cropped.jpg About Test 2 Rome bla bla bla https://www.iurisconsensus.org/about-test-3 daily 0.75 2020-09-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1601022123562-A8K9ETDNFONP047W3UEP/Antike_03.jpg About Test 3 Rome bla bla bla https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1601036702683-NGJY7C5QH647SYN9HP4S/graf-zeppelin11.jpg About Test 3 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1601023764576-63D5XAVEFG9HBDA37SLW/bs-06-18-DW-Kultur-Xanten-jpg.jpg About Test 3 Rome bla bla bla https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1601023792137-P7BU6SD4C7X2WZ7JQETM/graf-zeppelin11.jpg About Test 3 Rome bla bla bla https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1601023821559-PCNZFCSEZ9M4QSXP7HYQ/Lazio-M21425-front_cropped.jpg About Test 3 Rome bla bla bla https://www.iurisconsensus.org/project-2 daily 0.75 2020-10-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1602210489384-82LBI7N0ICC2FVNUQ54V/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-10-08%2Bat%2B1.14.01%2BPM.jpg Project Rodolfo Lanciani, Foro Romano, Panorama del Comizio, 1900 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1602210438063-BOJXEWT8XK1XJS2V8NBL/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-10-08%2Bat%2B1.19.31%2BPM.jpg Project Rodolfo Lanciani, Tabulario e monumenti antistanti, ca. 1900 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1602248943485-KCZP9WAVK8IPIDLEHC7O/Lanciani.ForoPanoramaEst.png Project Rodolfo Lanciani, Foro Romano, panorama est, ca. 1870 https://www.iurisconsensus.org/publications daily 0.75 2023-01-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1601903039376-STQU5MT9J98SC5XJB5IE/9780199950928.jpg Publications - Straumann, Crisis and Constitutionalism (OUP) Buy book https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1602256275494-9K9ZKJUTKBKBKQ1Z4K8W/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-10-09%2Bat%2B11.09.26%2BAM.jpg Publications - Straumann, “The Energy of Concepts: The Role of Concepts in Long-Term Intellectual History and Social Reality,” Journal of the Philosophy of History (2020) Download PDF https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1602256705428-NXJHMG6RRAPSVQ4U2590/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-10-09%2Bat%2B11.17.22%2BAM.jpg Publications - Straumann, “‘The laws are in charge of the magistrates’: reply to Edelstein, Sullivan and Springborg,” Global Intellectual History (2019) Download PDF https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1602257246218-LP8QM94ROAB6X704CWEN/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-10-09%2Bat%2B11.26.41%2BAM.jpg Publications - Straumann, “The Rule of Law: Sociology or Normative Theory? An Afterword to Martti Koskenniemi’s Foreword,” European Journal of International Law (2019) Download PDF https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1620899246035-VA2NUK493D1VB5DDGXQV/0011291610_NZZ_TN.jpg Publications Straumann, “Wer ist souverän - das Volk oder das Recht? Die Vordenker der amerikanischen Verfassung haben bei Cicero gelernt, was republikanisch ist,” NZZ (2021) Download PDF https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1635102181388-6DLI55Y6I3JMSVXSLDNR/Screen+Shot+2021-10-24+at+21.02.42.png Publications Straumann, “Is the Law the Soul of the State?” European Journal of International Law (2021) Download PDF https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/33f08f16-4219-437e-877d-b52b01397188/Screen+Shot+2021-11-15+at+16.32.57.png Publications de Nicolay, “Licentia: Cicero on the Suicide of Political Communities,” Classical Philology (2021) Link https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/fe9f4d1c-2934-4e09-af4a-bc255adf98c7/Screen+Shot+2022-11-01+at+17.07.33.jpg Publications - de Nicolay, “Philosopher-King on a Leash: Combining Plato’s Republic, Statesman and Laws in the Justinianic Dialogue On Political Science,” AGPh (2022) Link Download file https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/934f4050-a83e-4266-8f5e-9270394b9d0d/Screen+Shot+2021-11-15+at+16.36.10.png Publications - de Nicolay, “Cicero’s Political Philosophy in Its Republican Context - Review Schofield, Cicero: Political Philosophy,” The Classical Review (2021) Link https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/d05f8d3c-c631-4385-9867-33ee7ede44f7/Screen+Shot+2022-12-04+at+22.41.27.png Publications - Edelstein and Straumann, “Roman Rights Talk: Subjective Rights in Cicero and Livy,” History of Political Thought (2022) Link https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/36c97e39-14d6-4119-9c39-767cf7da249a/Screen+Shot+2021-11-15+at+16.38.56.png Publications Dymond, “Human Character and the Formation of the State: Reconsidering Machiavelli and Polybius 6,” Journal of the History of Ideas (2021) Link https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/8d62bc9d-ecf4-433b-b7fb-da9269dc5394/Screen+Shot+2022-12-04+at+22.27.01.png Publications - de Nicolay, “Théorie et pratique de la pistis chez Polybe,” Historia (2023) Download PDF https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/e60c3604-72b6-474c-9c53-2c42cb076d53/Screen+Shot+2021-11-30+at+21.08.42.png Publications - Gazette Tulliana Interview with Straumann on Ciceronian ERC Project Download PDF https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/8386ef6d-aa7e-4551-8e0b-2a3d5cfa35be/Screen+Shot+2022-03-04+at+17.38.04.png Publications - Make it stand out de Nicolay, “The Birth of Unlawful Freedom in Plato’s Laws 3,” Polis (2021) Download PDF https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/65368d8a-7732-4be5-aa94-eece98168eea/Screen+Shot+2023-01-05+at+04.40.53.png Publications - Piergiacomi, “Review Maso, Cicero’s Philosophy,” Ciceroniana Online 6.2 (2022) Download PDF https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/511fe366-91aa-44ae-bc0f-99607f233309/Screen+Shot+2022-07-01+at+10.47.34.png Publications - Straumann, “Sociability,” in The Cambridge Companion to Hugo Grotius (2021) Link https://www.iurisconsensus.org/subproject-i daily 0.75 2023-11-24 https://www.iurisconsensus.org/international-justice-copy-nb daily 0.75 2020-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1602426685409-1KODECSL6BRCWUJ8M5L6/Sacrifice_08_aztec.jpg International Justice (Copy NB) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1602426845810-NCWEY7IAR6BS5LUY8HSK/Piranesi-17014.jpg International Justice (Copy NB) https://www.iurisconsensus.org/project daily 0.75 2025-05-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1602617453741-6I66SLUS3XZBKS31MXX3/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-10-13%2Bat%2B3.13.56%2BPM.jpg Project Rodolfo Lanciani, Rupe Tarpea, ca. 1860 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1602210489384-82LBI7N0ICC2FVNUQ54V/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-10-08%2Bat%2B1.14.01%2BPM.jpg Project Rodolfo Lanciani, Foro Romano, Panorama del Comizio, 1900 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1602210438063-BOJXEWT8XK1XJS2V8NBL/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-10-08%2Bat%2B1.19.31%2BPM.jpg Project Rodolfo Lanciani, Tabulario e monumenti antistanti, ca. 1900 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1602248943485-KCZP9WAVK8IPIDLEHC7O/Lanciani.ForoPanoramaEst.png Project Rodolfo Lanciani, Foro Romano, panorama est, ca. 1870 https://www.iurisconsensus.org/publications-copy daily 0.75 2026-01-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f4e6bd2b909341e287050e3/1601903039376-STQU5MT9J98SC5XJB5IE/9780199950928.jpg Publications 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